: http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Varanidae/
Coniophis (65 million years young): https://news.yale.edu/2012/07/25/few-bones-most-primitive-snake-emerges
Toxicofera paper: https://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2148-13-93#Sec2
See the "Bitter Realities about Squamate Phylogeny" section on this page: https://www.geol.umd.edu/~jmerck/geol431/lectures/17blepidosauria.html
Tetrapodophis actually aquatic?, paper proposes: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667116301094
2013 paper w/the 4000 species: https://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2148-13-93#Sec2
file:///home/chronos/u-e54db2a63a5b8e4345d3372e31d0632282c76ec5/Downloads/apestiguiazaher_nature06-0001.pdf
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature04413
2017: Norisophis http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667116302014
Nidophis: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.2013.764882
Coniophis: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/first-prehistoric-snake-slithered-out-on-land-not-at-sea/
https://www.livescience.com/27845-snakes.html
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667116301094
https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/obl4he/vertebratediversity/serpentes_snakes.html
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3552421/
https://watermark.silverchair.com/j.1096-3642.2009.00511.x.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAdAwggHMBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggG9MIIBuQIBADCCAbIGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMRzwNfprt0x5FaRYBAgEQgIIBg6jXei7ktTZ6OT9JEIBHqHcP6NWoN8ZQ3V8_8f66h9XGJCbZJFE-HpZlZe3ABqOsTfbKwzTP81PkIXEWg8HsNOPU_tmhudWMaIfEgvXSQmB4qvJzcsn3yORkxFW6-X3qxh59JsBP-Na4UvRKMOKFUckpX4ugYYEUkunPbG6Tb0a-h_EaaerhpTFAJfihmZ6rEd1ebBgO09AtOmtNNR61TCts3zl3efZILYC-UsonaXe-XIea5HQg5MzVb5Ye3iXbc57hDH6p0t99RTVwCVtFasUXVqpxT0Oyx0oAIjD_vrn9-_DpRCKzgEmrEGOddLVypCn_p5H07a3nucJMqBhQ4xHE8bBVIKVHjDLdLH1yQIW2Fh5pFHZPB-6ONI3TFQ68EZnHHf2o9IywK3s_3vrHn8IXFnAEI7xKLHvTzPr7F8f_UGcAbyV6ryMH_Mz9JjE90mlMvEHjFRqnxFxaR9zHv3ETHDYE-jenctA74ec4XX2pxkpFSPOf2bmWqXncoCxkxKz9wA
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08912969909386578
https://blogs.biomedcentral.com/bmcseriesblog/2015/05/20/limbless-triumph-origin-diversification-snakes/)
Captions provided by CCTubes – Captioning the Internet! 90 million years ago, an ancient snake known as Najash had…legs. It is by no means the only snake to have limbs either. But what’s even stranger: we’re not at all sure where it came from.
Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios
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References:
http://www.wienslab.com/Publications_files/Wiens_et_al_Evolution_2006.pdf
Locomotion in sea snakes: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1420-9101.2001.00265.x/pdf
Ear bones in mammals: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3552421/
Skinks: https://www.livescience.com/3053-evolution-action-lizards-losing-limbs.html
Pachyrhachis lifestyle: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08912969909386578
Snake defining features: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/obl4he/vertebratediversity/serpentes_snakes.html
Hsiang & Field 2015 Summary: https://blogs.biomedcentral.com/bmcseriesblog/2015/05/20/limbless-triumph-origin-diversification-snakes/
2012: Zaher at al. think Dinylisia is a sister taxon to all extant snakes: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00755.x/abstract
2015 news story on Tetrapodophis: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2015/07/four-legged-snake-fossil-stuns-scientists-and-ignites-controversy
Another 2015 story on Tetrapodophis: http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2015/07/23/a-fossil-snake-with-four-legs/
2015 news story on Eophis: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/remarkable-fossils-push-back-snake-origins-by-65-million-years/
2017 thesis on mosasaurs that makes it quite clear that there’s still quite a bit unresolved in the evolutionary relationships: https://era.library.ualberta.ca/files/c4x51hj54w#.WiXVU9WnG3A
varanids (monitor lizards): http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Varanidae/
Coniophis (65 million years young): https://news.yale.edu/2012/07/25/few-bones-most-primitive-snake-emerges
Toxicofera paper: https://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2148-13-93#Sec2
See the “Bitter Realities about Squamate Phylogeny” section on this page: https://www.geol.umd.edu/~jmerck/geol431/lectures/17blepidosauria.html
Tetrapodophis actually aquatic?, paper proposes: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667116301094
2013 paper w/the 4000 species: https://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2148-13-93#Sec2
file:///home/chronos/u-e54db2a63a5b8e4345d3372e31d0632282c76ec5/Downloads/apestiguiazaher_nature06-0001.pdf
https://www.nature.com/articles/nature04413
2017: Norisophis http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667116302014
Nidophis: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.2013.764882
Coniophis: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/first-prehistoric-snake-slithered-out-on-land-not-at-sea/
https://www.livescience.com/27845-snakes.html
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667116301094
https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/obl4he/vertebratediversity/serpentes_snakes.html
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3552421/
https://watermark.silverchair.com/j.1096-3642.2009.00511.x.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAdAwggHMBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggG9MIIBuQIBADCCAbIGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMRzwNfprt0x5FaRYBAgEQgIIBg6jXei7ktTZ6OT9JEIBHqHcP6NWoN8ZQ3V8_8f66h9XGJCbZJFE-HpZlZe3ABqOsTfbKwzTP81PkIXEWg8HsNOPU_tmhudWMaIfEgvXSQmB4qvJzcsn3yORkxFW6-X3qxh59JsBP-Na4UvRKMOKFUckpX4ugYYEUkunPbG6Tb0a-h_EaaerhpTFAJfihmZ6rEd1ebBgO09AtOmtNNR61TCts3zl3efZILYC-UsonaXe-XIea5HQg5MzVb5Ye3iXbc57hDH6p0t99RTVwCVtFasUXVqpxT0Oyx0oAIjD_vrn9-_DpRCKzgEmrEGOddLVypCn_p5H07a3nucJMqBhQ4xHE8bBVIKVHjDLdLH1yQIW2Fh5pFHZPB-6ONI3TFQ68EZnHHf2o9IywK3s_3vrHn8IXFnAEI7xKLHvTzPr7F8f_UGcAbyV6ryMH_Mz9JjE90mlMvEHjFRqnxFxaR9zHv3ETHDYE-jenctA74ec4XX2pxkpFSPOf2bmWqXncoCxkxKz9wA
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08912969909386578
https://blogs.biomedcentral.com/bmcseriesblog/2015/05/20/limbless-triumph-origin-diversification-snakes/
